The plasma levels ofIL-1a, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 were significantly higher in COVID-19 patientsthan the control group. The depicted results arerepresentative of 40 independent experiments for control group, 57independent experiments for COVID-19 patients at the first day oftreatment, and 51 independent experiments for COVID-19 patients in10 days of treatment. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, USA) and are expressedas the mean standard error of the mean (SEM) and mean ± standard deviation (SD).The normal distribution of data was determined by Kolmogrov–Smirnov test. The levels of erythrocyte sediment rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) ofCOVID-19 patients were measured using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)analyzer (Parsian Teb, Iran) and Mindray BS-800 automated biochemistry analyzer(Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics, China), respectively.
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- The frequencies of innate immune cells in COVID-19 and control subjects.The percentages of CD56low CD16+ NK cells,CD56high CD16+/− NK cells, and monocytes werestudied by flow cytometry (a and b) and then analyzed (c–e).
- It is thought that the reduced numbers of activated CD4+ T cells and Bcells are related to different therapeutic approaches used to reduce inflammationand their impacts.
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- Moreover, other data indicated thatthe levels of these cytokines were reduced during the disease recovery.
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The CD3+ cell population was also determined using the gating oflymphocyte population and was then used to measure the percentages of B cells(CD3− CD19+ CD22+ cells), exhausted CD4+ T cells (CD3+ CD4+ PD-1+ cells),exhausted CD8+ T cells (CD3+ CD8+ PD-1+ cells), CD56lowCD16+ NK cells (CD3− CD56lowCD16+ cells), and CD56high CD16+/− NK cells(CD3−CD56high CD16+/− cells). Afterwards, the lymphocyte population was gatedto assess the frequencies of the CD4+ cells which were used to determine thepercentages of Th1 cells (CD4+ T-bet+ IFN-γ+ cells), Th2 cells (CD4+ IL-4+GATA3+ cells), Th17 cells (CD4+ IL-17α+ RORγt+ cells), Tregs (CD4+CD127low FoxP3+ cells), and activated CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CD25+CD69+ cells). At the first day (the early recovery stage) and 10 days of initiation oftherapeutic methods (the late recovery stage), heparinized blood samples (5 ml)were obtained from patients. All patients had pulmonary involvement and were not on treatment withdrugs influencing the immune system and antibodies production (i.e. steroids,sulfasalazine, phenytoin, and antimalarial drugs) prior to study initiation.
To determine cytokine profiles in COVID-19 patients, the plasma samples wereobtained from whole blood (5 ml) of participants and the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β,TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, and IL-10 cytokines were measured using an Enzyme-linkedimmunoasorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Karmania Pars Gene, Iran) according themanufacturer’s instructions. Thepatients suffered from clinical signs and symptoms of COVID-19 at least 3–5 daysbefore going to a COVID-19 center to start therapeutic approaches. Some studies havereported that COVID-19 patients had the reduced number of Tregs in peripheral blood.22 It is not the first time that coronavirusfamily causes a severe respiratory disease. SMART Takes is a monthly newsletter filled with content about self-empowered, practical, and evidence-informed recovery.
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- It is not an exhaustive database of projects supported by the Facility and will be regularly updated as the implementation progresses.
- Fixation and permebilization of the cells were performed for stainingsome intracellular molecules with different antibodies according to themanufacturer’s guideline (eBiosciences, USA).
- Promoting the roll-out of very high-capacity networks, the digitalisation of public services, government processes, and businesses, in particular SMEs; developing basic and advanced digital skills; supporting digital-related R&D and the deployment of advanced technologies.
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In this regard, the FlowJosoftware (v10.1, FlowJo, Ashland, OR, USA) was used to gate lymphocytepopulation using forward and side scatter to exclude debris or dead cells fromthe analysis of different cells. The cell markers used to determine thefrequencies of the stained cells are indicated in Table 1. The percentages of the stained cells were measured by a FACSCalibursystem (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA).
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In this study, the mean ± SD of age of patients was 67.8 ± 15.18, while it was66.01 ± 7.11 in healthy subjects. In thisstudy, CD8+ CD25+ CD69+ cells and CD14+ CD16+ CD11b+ cells were respectivelyconsidered as the activated CD8+ T cells and monocytes. To determine the immune situation of patients, theblood sampling (5 ml) from healthy subjects was also performed. This is an analytical observational (case-control) study performed on 57 patientswith COVID-19, who were referred to a COVID-19 center, Isfahan, Iran from March2020 to April 2020, and 40 healthy individuals without any the signs andsymptoms of acute respiratory infections and other health problems affected theimmune system. Although the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not well understood yet, defects in functionand/or regulation of the immune system such as the storm of inflammatory cytokinesand lymphopenia can contribute to the intensity of pathogenic coronavirusinfections.11–13 In despite ofsome reports pointing to impacts of immune responses in the pathogenesis of COVID-19,14 the accurate roles of immune cells in developing or inhibiting the diseaseare unknown.
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The RRF funding amounts shown for measures are based on the initial cost estimates provided by the Member States included in the recovery and resilience plans and may as such differ from finalized Commission financial reports, which follow eventual project implementation. The map exclusively serves information purposes and is not an exhaustive database of projects supported by the Recovery and Resilience Facility. Improving access to and the quality of general, vocational, and higher education; focusing on digital education, early childhood education and care; supporting youth employment. The funding amounts shown reflect the initial cost estimates included in the national recovery and resilience plans. It is not an exhaustive database of projects supported by the Facility and will be regularly updated as the implementation progresses.
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This studyinvestigated how the immune system changes were related to disease severity inCOVID-19 patients. Moreover, other data indicated thatthe levels of these cytokines were reduced during the disease recovery. PBMCs were isolated from healthy subjects and COVID-19patients and then stained with different monoclonal antibodies. To determine the situations of humoral and cellular immunity in patients withCOVID-19, the frequencies of Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, activated CD4+T cells,activated CD8+ T cells, exhausted CD4+ T cells, exhausted CD8+ T cells, and Bcells in COVID-19 patients were investigated after 1 and 10 days of initiationof therapeutic methods. Correlations of lymphocyte numbers with the value of ESR and numbers ofTh2 cells and monocytes in COVID-19 patients. Some patients hadfatigue, mild shortness of breath, myalgia, loss of weight, smell, and taste inthe late recovery stage.
Assessments of innate immune cells in patients with COVID-19 during a
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The resultsare representative of 57 independent experiments for COVID-19 patientsat the first day of treatment, 51 independent experiments for COVID-19patients in 10 days of treatment, and 40 independent experiments forhealthy individuals. The demographic, laboratory, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 andhealthy subjects. Table2 depicts the demographic and other characteristics of COVID-19 andhealthy subjects. Of the 57 patients, 51 (89.48%) weredischarged from hospital and 6 (10.52%) died during the study. Antibodies used for determing the changes of the immune system ofCOVID-19 patients by flow cytometry.
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Having considered that innate immunity provides the early line of defense againstviral infections, some innate immune cells were studied in the course of 10 daysafter initiation of treatment, which is almost a period that the disease isdeteriorated and may result in death or recovery from COVID-19.27,28 Our datashowed that CD56lowCD16+ NK cell number was significantlylower in the early stage of recovery than the late stage of recovery; however itsfrequency was noticeably increased compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, the authors have shown that CD4+and CD8+ T cell numbers were notably decreased.17 In agreement with previous study, our data revealed that the frequencies ofTh cells (Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells) in patients were significantly lower in theearly recovery stage than the late recovery stage and healthy individuals. B cells showed an increasedpercentage in patients compared to healthy subjects, while this increase wassignificantly reduced in the late stage of recovery (Figure 3(i) and (r),P Open in a new tabThe percentages of adaptive immune cells in COVID-19 and healthyindividuals. Its frequency wassignificantly higher in the late recovery stage than early recovery stage (Figure 2(a) and (c),P highCD16+/− NK cells in the early stage of recovery was significantlyincreased in comparison with the late stage of recovery and healthy individuals(Figure 2(a) and(d),P Figure2(b) and (e),P Open in a new tabThe frequencies of innate immune cells in COVID-19 and control subjects.The percentages of CD56low CD16+ NK cells,CD56high CD16+/− NK cells, and monocytes werestudied by flow cytometry (a and b) and then analyzed (c–e).
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I know the email address and password. I lost my account close to 2 months ago when I deleted the game trying to fix a login issue. I was wondering if there is anyone who has not spent any money on the game lost revery play login their account. Improving the resilience, accessibility and quality of health and long-term care, including measures to advance their digitalisation; increasing the effectiveness of public administration systems. Improving social and territorial infrastructure and services, including social protection and welfare systems, the inclusion of disadvantaged groups; supporting employment and skills development; creating high-quality, stable jobs. Promoting the roll-out of very high-capacity networks, the digitalisation of public services, government processes, and businesses, in particular SMEs; developing basic and advanced digital skills; supporting digital-related R&D and the deployment of advanced technologies.
CD56highCD16+/− NK cells aredescribed by NKG2A, low level of perforin, and are primarily characterized bycytokine production.16,30,31 Therefore, it is likely that the changes in the frequencies oftwo subsets of NK cells during the disease recovery are protective mechanisms toeliminate the SARS-COV2 and thereby reducing inflammation occurred in the earlystages of disease. Our data revealed that the percentages of Th1, Th2, andTh17 cells were significantly lower in patients than healthy control (Figure 3(a)–(c) and (j)–(l), P Figure 3(d)–(h) and (m)–(q), P Figure 3(f), (h), (o), and (q), P Figure3(d), (e),(g), (m), (n), and (p)). The number of CD56low CD16+ NK cells in patients wassignificantly increased compared to healthy subjects. To determine the percentages of activated T cells, exhausted T cells, Th1 cells,Th2 cells, Th17 cells, Tregs, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes in peripheralblood of COVID-19 patients (the first day and 10 days of initiation oftherapeutic approaches) and healthy subjects, PBMCs were stained with differentmonoclonal antibodies or matched to isotype control IgG for 30 min at4○C. These changes may play afundamental role in reducing disease severity through regulating cytokineproductions involved in the inflammation and functions of various immune cells.Nevertheless, larger and more multicenter studies are needed to validate theseconclusions. A limitation of the study was the lack of determinationof immune system differences between alive and dead patients with COVID-19 during arecovery period.
